TRANSLATING

The result of translating will be accurate when we use the communicative language, that caused as natural as possible. when the result has been accurate, communicative and natural, that will become a clear translation.

Accurate: reproducing as exactly as possible the meaning of the source text
Communicative: expressing all aspects of the meaning in a way that is readily understandable to the intended audience.
Natural: using natural forms of the receptor language in a way that is appropriate to the kind of text being translated.
Clear : easy to understand

Function of language
Karl Buhler
Expressive (Writer) enables speakers to express their emotions and attitudes through linguistic means paralinguistic features or non-verbal communication
Informative (Truth) allows speakers present new information. Language used represents reality or refers to it.
Vocative (Readership) is used by speakers to express the attitude they want to cause in the addressee. The utterance should make the hearer act.

Roman Jacobson
The Aesthetic or Poetic This language designed to please the sense, firstly its actual or imagined sound, and secondly through its metaphors (is a link between the expressive and aesthetic)
Phatic Language is used for maintaining friendly contact
Metalingual Language indicates, a language’s ability to explain, name, and criticize its own features

Peter Newmark
Literary (imaginative connotation is more important than functional detotation)
Institutional 
scientific
(the letter including all fields of science and technology but tending to merge with institutional texts in the area of the social sciences.)

Word-for-word translation: in which the SL word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context.
Literal translation: in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.
Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures.
Semantic translation: which differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text.
Adaptation: which is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten.
Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the original.
Idiomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.
Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.

Communicative translation being set at the reader level of language and knowledge is more likely to create equivalent than is semantic translation at the writer’s level. In communicative as in semantic translation, provide that equivalent effect is secured, the literal to word for word translation is not only the best. It is the only valid method of translation, there is no exercise for unnecessary synonyms or elegant variations, let alone for a phrase, in only type of translation. There is no one communicative or one semantic method of translating a text. These are in fact widely overlapping hands of methods; a translation can be more or less, semantic, more, or less. Communicative even a particular section or sentence can be treated more communicatively or less semantically.

culture is the way of life and its manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression.

1. ecology (flora, fauna, winds, plains, hills - tundra-savanna)
2. material culture (foods, clothes, houses & town, transport)
3. social culture (hampang birit, petak umpet, badminton, pencak silat)
4. organization, customs, activities, procedures, concepts (political & administrative, religious- dharma, dhuhur-, artistic)
5. gestures & habits (cross fingers, thumbs up)

the translation of metaphor
1. object: what is described by the metaphor
2. image: a representation or the picture conjured up by the metaphor
3. sense: the literal meaning or expression of the metaphor
4. metaphor: figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity
5. metonym: a one-word image which replaces the object

Metaphor

Dead Metaphor This type of metaphor usually use universal words about place, time, idea, parts of body, ecology unsure, and prior activity of human, like kaki gunung, mulut sungai, and puncak karir.

Cliché Metaphor This metaphor is usually used for changing the utterance (especially emotional) which literally is clear, but there’s no relationship with the essence problem.breakthrough (terobosan)

Stock or Standard Metaphor this metaphor used effectively in informal communication to express mental or physical situation. muka tembok, he's slow as a tortoise.

Recent Metaphor neologism metaphor (new utterance, or old words that used to form a new meaning), however the use has been spread even in the other languages. walkman, winamp

Adapted Metaphor is a metaphor that adopted from a stock metaphor.

Original Metaphor is a metaphor which has the essential message, the personality and the view of the writer.

7 strategies to translate the metaphor

Translate to the same metaphor in target language.

Translate to be another metaphor which has same meaning.

Translate to be a simile.

Translate to be a simile by adding image.

Change metaphor to be a literal meaning.

Translate by adding information.

Delete the metaphor if it’s not necessary.

According to Newmark Natural word-order is an aspect of grammar,but odd word-order is used for emphasis or stress, which can also be indicated by lexis, such words as "precisely", "itself","actual",and the superlatives of adjective,and punctuation (italics,capital letters,inverted commas). One can build a theory round the transition from SL surface through a universal deep to a TL surface structure,but it often becomes an academic exercise.

Neologism

newly coined lexical units or existing lexical units that acquire a new sense.

Old Words with New Senses

these don't normally refer to new objects or processes and therefore are rarely technological. (gay, dikau, etc)

New Coinages

It is well known hypothesis that there is no such thing as a brand new word; if a word does not derive from various morphemes then it is more or less phonaesthetic or synaesthetic. (BBM, Android

Derived Word

words derived by analogy from ancient Greek (increasingly) and Latin morphemes usually with suffixes such as -ismo, -ismus, -ja, etc.

Abbreviation

Characteristic of initials that is each of their letters is individually pronounced. (www-world wide web, er-emergency room, pc-personal computer, Clipped abbv like Prof, dr, mr.)

Collocations

gabungan kata² agar menjadi natural (walkman, jetleg)

Eponym

any word from proper name when they refer directly to the person. when derived from object, eponym are usually brand name (vespa -skuter, tipe-x, indomie)

Phrasal Word

restricted to English's facility in converting verbs to nouns ('work-out,' 'trade-off,' 'check-out,' 'thermal cut-out,' 'knock-on (domino) effect,' 'laid-back,' 'sit-in,' 'hang-out')

Transferred Words

Newly transferred words keep only one sense of their foreign nationality; they are the words whose meanings are least dependent on their contexts. (cultural; Adidas, sari, kungfu, pencak silat)

Acronyms

Acronyms are an increasingly common feature of all non-literary texts, for reasons of brevity or euphony, and often to give the referent an artificial prestige to rouse people to find out what the letters stand for. In science the letters are occasionally joined up and become internationalisms ('laser-light amplification (by) stimulated emission (of) radiation,' 'radar derives from radio detecting and ranging'), requiring analysis only for a less educated TL readership.

Pseudo-Neologism

the translator has to beware of pseudo-neologisms where, for instance, a generic word stands in for a specific (share = saham, interest = bunga)

A creation of Neologism

Blend (Brunch, edutainment, bentor), generified word (xerox-photocopy, molto), borrowing direct (kindergaten-german, sushi-japan), borrowing indirect (firewater=air keras/alkohol), semantic drift, coumponds & coumponding (red-hot-chili-paper)

I don't have my eye on you. / I don't remember you.

I've already buried my eye./ I'm already ready to go.

I'll pull your eyelid./ I'll ask a favor of you.

My eye is hard on you. / I remember you.

My head is strong. / I'm stubborn, insistent.